长部第 5 经（Sujato 英译）第 2 阅读页 · With Kūṭadanta · 2/3

Please teach me how to accomplish the sacrifice with three modes and sixteen accessories.”Please teach me how to accomplish the sacrifice with three modes and sixteen accessories.”“Well then, brahmin, listen and apply your mind well, I will speak.”“Well then, brahmin, listen and apply your mind well, I will speak.”“Yes, worthy sir,” Kūṭadanta replied.“Yes, worthy sir,” Kūṭadanta replied.

The Buddha said this:The Buddha said this:“Once upon a time, brahmin, there was a king named Mahāvijita. He was rich, affluent, and wealthy, with lots of gold and silver, lots of property and assets, lots of money and grain, and a full treasury and storehouses.“Once upon a time, brahmin, there was a king named Mahāvijita. He was rich, affluent, and wealthy, with lots of gold and silver, lots of property and assets, lots of money and grain, and a full treasury and storehouses.Then as King Mahāvijita was in private retreat this thought came to his mind:Then as King Mahāvijita was in private retreat this thought came to his mind:

‘I have achieved human wealth, and reign after conquering this vast territory. Why don’t I hold a large sacrifice? That will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.’‘I have achieved human wealth, and reign after conquering this vast territory. Why don’t I hold a large sacrifice? That will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.’Then he summoned the brahmin high priest and said to him:Then he summoned the brahmin high priest and said to him:‘Just now, brahmin, as I was in private retreat this thought came to mind,‘Just now, brahmin, as I was in private retreat this thought came to mind,

“I have achieved human wealth, and reign after conquering this vast territory. Why don’t I perform a great sacrifice? That will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.”“I have achieved human wealth, and reign after conquering this vast territory. Why don’t I perform a great sacrifice? That will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.”Brahmin, I wish to perform a great sacrifice.Brahmin, I wish to perform a great sacrifice.Please instruct me. It will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.’Please instruct me. It will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.’

When he had spoken, the brahmin high priest said to him:When he had spoken, the brahmin high priest said to him:‘Sir, the king’s realm is harried and oppressed. Raiding of villages, towns, and cities has been seen, and infesting of highways.‘Sir, the king’s realm is harried and oppressed. Raiding of villages, towns, and cities has been seen, and infesting of highways.But if the king were to extract more taxes while his realm is thus harried and oppressed, he would not be doing his duty.But if the king were to extract more taxes while his realm is thus harried and oppressed, he would not be doing his duty.

Now the king might think,Now the king might think,“I’ll eradicate this plague of savages by execution or imprisonment or confiscation or condemnation or banishment!” But that’s not the right way to eradicate this plague of savages.“I’ll eradicate this plague of savages by execution or imprisonment or confiscation or condemnation or banishment!” But that’s not the right way to eradicate this plague of savages.Those who remain after the killing will return to harass the king’s realm.Those who remain after the killing will return to harass the king’s realm.

Rather, here is a plan, relying on which the plague of savages will be properly uprooted.Rather, here is a plan, relying on which the plague of savages will be properly uprooted.So let the king provide seed and fodder for those in the realm who work in growing crops and raising cattle.So let the king provide seed and fodder for those in the realm who work in growing crops and raising cattle.Let the king provide funding for those who work in trade.Let the king provide funding for those who work in trade.

Let the king guarantee food and wages for those in government service.Let the king guarantee food and wages for those in government service.Then the people, occupied with their own work, will not harass the realm.Then the people, occupied with their own work, will not harass the realm.The king’s revenues will be great.The king’s revenues will be great.

When the country is secured as a sanctuary, free of being harried and oppressed, the happy people, with joy in their hearts, dancing with children at their breast, will dwell as if their houses were wide open.’When the country is secured as a sanctuary, free of being harried and oppressed, the happy people, with joy in their hearts, dancing with children at their breast, will dwell as if their houses were wide open.’The king agreed with the high priest’s advice and followed his recommendation.The king agreed with the high priest’s advice and followed his recommendation.Then the king summoned the brahmin high priest and said to him:Then the king summoned the brahmin high priest and said to him:

‘I have eradicated the plague of savages. And relying on your plan my revenue is now great.‘I have eradicated the plague of savages. And relying on your plan my revenue is now great.Since the country is secured as a sanctuary, free of being harried and oppressed, the happy people, with joy in their hearts, dancing with children at their breast, dwell as if their houses were wide open.Since the country is secured as a sanctuary, free of being harried and oppressed, the happy people, with joy in their hearts, dancing with children at their breast, dwell as if their houses were wide open.Brahmin, I wish to perform a great sacrifice.Brahmin, I wish to perform a great sacrifice.

Please instruct me. It will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.’Please instruct me. It will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.’

4.1. The Four Accessories4.1. The Four Accessories

‘In that case, let the king announce this throughout the realm to the aristocrat vassals of both town and country; the ministers and councillors of both town and country; the well-to-do brahmins of both town and country; and the well-off householders of both town and country.‘In that case, let the king announce this throughout the realm to the aristocrat vassals of both town and country; the ministers and councillors of both town and country; the well-to-do brahmins of both town and country; and the well-off householders of both town and country.“I wish to perform a great sacrifice. Please grant your approval, worthy sirs; it will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.”’“I wish to perform a great sacrifice. Please grant your approval, worthy sirs; it will be for my lasting welfare and happiness.”’

The king agreed with the high priest’s advice and followed his recommendation.The king agreed with the high priest’s advice and followed his recommendation.And all of the people who were thus informed responded by saying:And all of the people who were thus informed responded by saying:‘May the king perform a sacrifice! It is time for a sacrifice, Great King.’‘May the king perform a sacrifice! It is time for a sacrifice, Great King.’

And so these four consenting factions became accessories to the sacrifice.And so these four consenting factions became accessories to the sacrifice.

4.2. The Eight Accessories4.2. The Eight Accessories

King Mahāvijita possessed eight factors.King Mahāvijita possessed eight factors.He was well born on both his mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation.He was well born on both his mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation.He was attractive, good-looking, lovely, of surpassing beauty. He had divine looks and lustre, remarkable to behold.He was attractive, good-looking, lovely, of surpassing beauty. He had divine looks and lustre, remarkable to behold.

He was rich, affluent, and wealthy, with lots of gold and silver, lots of property and assets, lots of money and grain, and a full treasury and storehouses.He was rich, affluent, and wealthy, with lots of gold and silver, lots of property and assets, lots of money and grain, and a full treasury and storehouses.He was powerful, having an army of four divisions that was obedient and carried out instructions. He’d probably prevail over his enemies just with his reputation.He was powerful, having an army of four divisions that was obedient and carried out instructions. He’d probably prevail over his enemies just with his reputation.He was faithful, generous, a donor, his door always open. He was a well-spring of support, making merit with ascetics and brahmins, for paupers, vagrants, supplicants, and beggars.He was faithful, generous, a donor, his door always open. He was a well-spring of support, making merit with ascetics and brahmins, for paupers, vagrants, supplicants, and beggars.

He was very learned in diverse fields of learning. He understood the meaning of diverse statements, saying:He was very learned in diverse fields of learning. He understood the meaning of diverse statements, saying:‘This is what that statement means; that is what this statement means.’‘This is what that statement means; that is what this statement means.’He was astute, competent, and intelligent, able to think issues through as they bear upon the past, future, and present.He was astute, competent, and intelligent, able to think issues through as they bear upon the past, future, and present.

These are the eight factors that King Mahāvijita possessed.These are the eight factors that King Mahāvijita possessed.And so these eight factors also became accessories to the sacrifice.And so these eight factors also became accessories to the sacrifice.

4.3. Four More Accessories4.3. Four More Accessories

And the brahmin high priest had four factors.And the brahmin high priest had four factors.He was well born on both his mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation.He was well born on both his mother’s and father’s side, stemming from a clean vessel, with irrefutable and impeccable genealogy back to the seventh paternal generation.He recited and remembered the hymns, and had mastered the three Vedas, together with their vocabularies and ritual performance, their phonology and word classification, and the testaments as fifth. He knew them word-by-word, and their grammar. He was well versed in cosmology and the marks of a great man.He recited and remembered the hymns, and had mastered the three Vedas, together with their vocabularies and ritual performance, their phonology and word classification, and the testaments as fifth. He knew them word-by-word, and their grammar. He was well versed in cosmology and the marks of a great man.

He was ethical, mature in ethical conduct.He was ethical, mature in ethical conduct.He was astute, competent, and intelligent, being the first or second to hold the sacrificial ladle.He was astute, competent, and intelligent, being the first or second to hold the sacrificial ladle.These are the four factors that the brahmin high priest possessed.These are the four factors that the brahmin high priest possessed.

And so these four factors also became accessories to the sacrifice.And so these four factors also became accessories to the sacrifice.

4.4. The Three Modes4.4. The Three Modes

Next, before the sacrifice, the brahmin high priest taught the three modes to the king.Next, before the sacrifice, the brahmin high priest taught the three modes to the king.‘Now, though the king wants to perform a great sacrifice, he might have certain regrets, thinking:‘Now, though the king wants to perform a great sacrifice, he might have certain regrets, thinking:“I shall lose a great fortune,” or“I shall lose a great fortune,” or

“I am losing a great fortune,” or“I am losing a great fortune,” or“I have lost a great fortune.” But the king should not harbor such regrets.’“I have lost a great fortune.” But the king should not harbor such regrets.’These are the three modes that the brahmin high priest taught to the king before the sacrifice.These are the three modes that the brahmin high priest taught to the king before the sacrifice.

4.5. The Ten Respects4.5. The Ten Respects

Next, before the sacrifice, the brahmin high priest dispelled the king’s regret regarding the recipients in ten respects:Next, before the sacrifice, the brahmin high priest dispelled the king’s regret regarding the recipients in ten respects:‘There will come to the sacrifice those who kill living creatures and those who refrain from killing living creatures.‘There will come to the sacrifice those who kill living creatures and those who refrain from killing living creatures.As to those who kill living creatures, the outcome of that is theirs alone.As to those who kill living creatures, the outcome of that is theirs alone.

But as to those who refrain from killing living creatures, it is for their sakes that the king should sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.But as to those who refrain from killing living creatures, it is for their sakes that the king should sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.There will come to the sacrifice those who steal …There will come to the sacrifice those who steal …commit sexual misconduct …commit sexual misconduct …

lie …lie …use backbiting …use backbiting …use harsh speech …use harsh speech …

talk nonsense …talk nonsense …are covetous …are covetous …have ill will …have ill will …

have wrong view and those who have right view.have wrong view and those who have right view.As to those who have wrong view, the outcome of that is theirs alone.As to those who have wrong view, the outcome of that is theirs alone.But as to those who have right view, it is for their sakes that the king should sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.’But as to those who have right view, it is for their sakes that the king should sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.’

These are the ten respects in which the high priest dispelled the king’s regret regarding the recipients before the sacrifice.These are the ten respects in which the high priest dispelled the king’s regret regarding the recipients before the sacrifice.

4.6. The Sixteen Respects4.6. The Sixteen Respects

Next, while the king was performing the great sacrifice, the brahmin high priest educated, encouraged, fired up, and inspired the king’s mind in sixteen respects:Next, while the king was performing the great sacrifice, the brahmin high priest educated, encouraged, fired up, and inspired the king’s mind in sixteen respects:‘Now, while the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might say,‘Now, while the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might say,“King Mahāvijita performs a great sacrifice, but he did not announce it to the aristocrat vassals of town and country.“King Mahāvijita performs a great sacrifice, but he did not announce it to the aristocrat vassals of town and country.

That’s the kind of great sacrifice that this king performs.”That’s the kind of great sacrifice that this king performs.”Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.For the king did indeed announce it to the aristocrat vassals of town and country.For the king did indeed announce it to the aristocrat vassals of town and country.

Let the king know this as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.Let the king know this as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.While the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might say,While the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might say,“King Mahāvijita performs a great sacrifice, but he did not announce it to the aristocrat vassals; the ministers and councillors; the well-to-do brahmins; and the well-off householders. That’s the kind of great sacrifice that this king performs.”“King Mahāvijita performs a great sacrifice, but he did not announce it to the aristocrat vassals; the ministers and councillors; the well-to-do brahmins; and the well-off householders. That’s the kind of great sacrifice that this king performs.”

Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.For the king did indeed announce it to all these people.For the king did indeed announce it to all these people.Let the king know this too as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.Let the king know this too as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.

While the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might sayWhile the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might saythat he does not possess the eight factors.that he does not possess the eight factors.Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.

For the king does indeed possess the eight factors.For the king does indeed possess the eight factors.Let the king know this too as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.Let the king know this too as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.While the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might sayWhile the king is performing the great sacrifice, someone might say

that the high priest does not possess the four factors.that the high priest does not possess the four factors.Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.Those who speak against the king in this way have no legitimacy.For the high priest does indeed possess the four factors.For the high priest does indeed possess the four factors.

Let the king know this too as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.’Let the king know this too as a reason to sacrifice, relinquish, rejoice, and gain confidence in his heart.’These are the sixteen respects in which the high priest educated, encouraged, fired up, and inspired the king’s mind while he was performing the sacrifice.These are the sixteen respects in which the high priest educated, encouraged, fired up, and inspired the king’s mind while he was performing the sacrifice.And brahmin, in that sacrifice no cattle were killed, no goats or sheep were killed, and no chickens or pigs were killed. There was no slaughter of various kinds of creatures. No trees were felled for the sacrificial post. No grass was reaped to strew over the place of sacrifice.And brahmin, in that sacrifice no cattle were killed, no goats or sheep were killed, and no chickens or pigs were killed. There was no slaughter of various kinds of creatures. No trees were felled for the sacrificial post. No grass was reaped to strew over the place of sacrifice.

No bondservants, servants, or workers did their jobs under threat of punishment and danger, weeping with tearful faces.No bondservants, servants, or workers did their jobs under threat of punishment and danger, weeping with tearful faces.Those who wished to work did so, while those who did not wish to did not.Those who wished to work did so, while those who did not wish to did not.They did the work they wanted to, and did not do what they didn’t want to.They did the work they wanted to, and did not do what they didn’t want to.

The sacrifice was completed with just ghee, oil, butter, curds, honey, and molasses.The sacrifice was completed with just ghee, oil, butter, curds, honey, and molasses.Then the aristocrat vassals, ministers and councillors, well-to-do brahmins, and well-off householders came to the king bringing abundant wealth and said,Then the aristocrat vassals, ministers and councillors, well-to-do brahmins, and well-off householders came to the king bringing abundant wealth and said,‘Your Majesty, this abundant wealth is specially for you alone; may Your Majesty accept it!’‘Your Majesty, this abundant wealth is specially for you alone; may Your Majesty accept it!’

‘There’s enough raised for me through regular taxes. Let this be for you; and here, take even more!’‘There’s enough raised for me through regular taxes. Let this be for you; and here, take even more!’When the king turned them down, they withdrew to one side to think up a plan,When the king turned them down, they withdrew to one side to think up a plan,‘It wouldn’t be proper for us to take this abundant wealth back to our own homes.‘It wouldn’t be proper for us to take this abundant wealth back to our own homes.

King Mahāvijita is performing a great sacrifice. Let us make an offering as an auxiliary sacrifice.’King Mahāvijita is performing a great sacrifice. Let us make an offering as an auxiliary sacrifice.’Then the aristocrat vassals of town and country set up gifts to the east of the sacrificial enclosure.Then the aristocrat vassals of town and country set up gifts to the east of the sacrificial enclosure.The ministers and councillors of town and country set up gifts to the south of the sacrificial enclosure.The ministers and councillors of town and country set up gifts to the south of the sacrificial enclosure.

The well-to-do brahmins of town and country set up gifts to the west of the sacrificial enclosure.The well-to-do brahmins of town and country set up gifts to the west of the sacrificial enclosure.