中部第 2 经（Sujato 英译）第 1 阅读页 · All the Defilements · 1/2

Middle Discourses 2Middle Discourses 2All the DefilementsAll the Defilements

So I have heard.So I have heard.At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s monastery.At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s monastery.There the Buddha addressed the mendicants,There the Buddha addressed the mendicants,

“Mendicants!”“Mendicants!”“Venerable sir,” they replied.“Venerable sir,” they replied.The Buddha said this:The Buddha said this:

“Mendicants, I will teach you the explanation of the restraint of all defilements.“Mendicants, I will teach you the explanation of the restraint of all defilements.Listen and apply your mind well, I will speak.”Listen and apply your mind well, I will speak.”“Yes, sir,” they replied.“Yes, sir,” they replied.

The Buddha said this:The Buddha said this:“Mendicants, I say that the ending of defilements is for one who knows and sees, not for one who does not know or see.“Mendicants, I say that the ending of defilements is for one who knows and sees, not for one who does not know or see.For one who knows and sees what?For one who knows and sees what?

Rational application of mind and irrational application of mind.Rational application of mind and irrational application of mind.When you apply the mind irrationally, defilements arise, and once arisen they grow.When you apply the mind irrationally, defilements arise, and once arisen they grow.When you apply the mind rationally, defilements don’t arise, and those that have already arisen are given up.When you apply the mind rationally, defilements don’t arise, and those that have already arisen are given up.

Some defilements should be given up by seeing, some by restraint, some by using, some by enduring, some by avoiding, some by dispelling, and some by developing.Some defilements should be given up by seeing, some by restraint, some by using, some by enduring, some by avoiding, some by dispelling, and some by developing.

1. Defilements Given Up by Seeing1. Defilements Given Up by Seeing

And what are the defilements that should be given up by seeing?And what are the defilements that should be given up by seeing?Take an unlearned ordinary person who has not seen the noble ones, and is neither skilled nor trained in the teaching of the noble ones. They’ve not seen true persons, and are neither skilled nor trained in the teaching of the true persons.Take an unlearned ordinary person who has not seen the noble ones, and is neither skilled nor trained in the teaching of the noble ones. They’ve not seen true persons, and are neither skilled nor trained in the teaching of the true persons.They don’t understand to which things they should apply the mind and to which things they should not apply the mind.They don’t understand to which things they should apply the mind and to which things they should not apply the mind.

So they apply the mind to things they shouldn’t and don’t apply the mind to things they should.So they apply the mind to things they shouldn’t and don’t apply the mind to things they should.And what are the things to which they apply the mind but should not?And what are the things to which they apply the mind but should not?They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, give rise to unarisen defilements and make arisen defilements grow: the defilements of sensual desire,They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, give rise to unarisen defilements and make arisen defilements grow: the defilements of sensual desire,

desire to be reborn,desire to be reborn,and ignorance.and ignorance.These are the things to which they apply the mind but should not.These are the things to which they apply the mind but should not.

And what are the things to which they do not apply the mind but should?And what are the things to which they do not apply the mind but should?They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, do not give rise to unarisen defilements and give up arisen defilements: the defilements of sensual desire,They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, do not give rise to unarisen defilements and give up arisen defilements: the defilements of sensual desire,desire to be reborn,desire to be reborn,

and ignorance.and ignorance.These are the things to which they do not apply the mind but should.These are the things to which they do not apply the mind but should.Because of applying the mind to what they should not and not applying the mind to what they should, unarisen defilements arise and arisen defilements grow.Because of applying the mind to what they should not and not applying the mind to what they should, unarisen defilements arise and arisen defilements grow.

This is how they apply the mind irrationally:This is how they apply the mind irrationally:‘Did I exist in the past? Did I not exist in the past? What was I in the past? How was I in the past? After being what, what did I become in the past?‘Did I exist in the past? Did I not exist in the past? What was I in the past? How was I in the past? After being what, what did I become in the past?Will I exist in the future? Will I not exist in the future? What will I be in the future? How will I be in the future? After being what, what will I become in the future?’Will I exist in the future? Will I not exist in the future? What will I be in the future? How will I be in the future? After being what, what will I become in the future?’

Or they are undecided about the present thus:Or they are undecided about the present thus:‘Am I? Am I not? What am I? How am I? This sentient being—where did it come from? And where will it go?’‘Am I? Am I not? What am I? How am I? This sentient being—where did it come from? And where will it go?’When they apply the mind irrationally in this way, one of the following six views arises in them and is taken as a genuine fact.When they apply the mind irrationally in this way, one of the following six views arises in them and is taken as a genuine fact.

The view: ‘My self survives.’The view: ‘My self survives.’The view: ‘My self does not survive.’The view: ‘My self does not survive.’The view: ‘I perceive the self with the self.’The view: ‘I perceive the self with the self.’

The view: ‘I perceive what is not-self with the self.’The view: ‘I perceive what is not-self with the self.’The view: ‘I perceive the self with what is not-self.’The view: ‘I perceive the self with what is not-self.’Or they have such a view:Or they have such a view:

‘This self of mine is he, the one who speaks, the one who knows, who experiences the results of good and bad deeds in all the different realms. This self is permanent, everlasting, eternal, and imperishable, and will last forever and ever.’‘This self of mine is he, the one who speaks, the one who knows, who experiences the results of good and bad deeds in all the different realms. This self is permanent, everlasting, eternal, and imperishable, and will last forever and ever.’This is called a misconception, the thicket of views, the desert of views, the twist of views, the dodge of views, the fetter of views.This is called a misconception, the thicket of views, the desert of views, the twist of views, the dodge of views, the fetter of views.

An unlearned ordinary person who is fettered by views is not freed from rebirth, old age, and death, from sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and distress.An unlearned ordinary person who is fettered by views is not freed from rebirth, old age, and death, from sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and distress.They’re not freed from suffering, I say.They’re not freed from suffering, I say.But take a learned noble disciple who has seen the noble ones, and is skilled and trained in the teaching of the noble ones. They’ve seen true persons, and are skilled and trained in the teaching of the true persons.But take a learned noble disciple who has seen the noble ones, and is skilled and trained in the teaching of the noble ones. They’ve seen true persons, and are skilled and trained in the teaching of the true persons.

They understand to which things they should apply the mind and to which things they should not apply the mind.They understand to which things they should apply the mind and to which things they should not apply the mind.So they apply the mind to things they should and don’t apply the mind to things they shouldn’t.So they apply the mind to things they should and don’t apply the mind to things they shouldn’t.And what are the things to which they don’t apply the mind and should not?And what are the things to which they don’t apply the mind and should not?

They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, give rise to unarisen defilements and make arisen defilements grow: the defilements of sensual desire,They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, give rise to unarisen defilements and make arisen defilements grow: the defilements of sensual desire,desire to be reborn,desire to be reborn,and ignorance.and ignorance.

These are the things to which they don’t apply the mind and should not.These are the things to which they don’t apply the mind and should not.And what are the things to which they do apply the mind and should?And what are the things to which they do apply the mind and should?They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, do not give rise to unarisen defilements and give up arisen defilements: the defilements of sensual desire,They are the things that, when the mind is applied to them, do not give rise to unarisen defilements and give up arisen defilements: the defilements of sensual desire,

desire to be reborn,desire to be reborn,and ignorance.and ignorance.These are the things to which they do apply the mind and should.These are the things to which they do apply the mind and should.

Because of not applying the mind to what they should not and applying the mind to what they should, unarisen defilements don’t arise and arisen defilements are given up.Because of not applying the mind to what they should not and applying the mind to what they should, unarisen defilements don’t arise and arisen defilements are given up.They rationally apply the mind: ‘This is suffering’ … ‘This is the origin of suffering’ … ‘This is the cessation of suffering’ … ‘This is the practice that leads to the cessation of suffering’.They rationally apply the mind: ‘This is suffering’ … ‘This is the origin of suffering’ … ‘This is the cessation of suffering’ … ‘This is the practice that leads to the cessation of suffering’.

And as they do so, they give up three fetters:And as they do so, they give up three fetters:substantialist view, doubt, and misapprehension of precepts and observances.substantialist view, doubt, and misapprehension of precepts and observances.These are called the defilements that should be given up by seeing.These are called the defilements that should be given up by seeing.

2. Defilements Given Up by Restraint2. Defilements Given Up by Restraint

And what are the defilements that should be given up by restraint?And what are the defilements that should be given up by restraint?Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, lives restraining the eye faculty.Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, lives restraining the eye faculty.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without restraint of the eye faculty do not arise when there is such restraint.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without restraint of the eye faculty do not arise when there is such restraint.

Reflecting rationally, they live restraining the ear faculty …Reflecting rationally, they live restraining the ear faculty …the nose faculty …the nose faculty …the tongue faculty …the tongue faculty …

the body faculty …the body faculty …the mind faculty.the mind faculty.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without restraint of the mind faculty do not arise when there is such restraint.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without restraint of the mind faculty do not arise when there is such restraint.

For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without restraint do not arise when there is such restraint.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without restraint do not arise when there is such restraint.These are called the defilements that should be given up by restraint.These are called the defilements that should be given up by restraint.

3. Defilements Given Up by Using3. Defilements Given Up by Using

And what are the defilements that should be given up by using?And what are the defilements that should be given up by using?Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, makes use of robes:Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, makes use of robes:‘Only for the sake of warding off cold and heat; for warding off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles; and for covering up the private parts.’‘Only for the sake of warding off cold and heat; for warding off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles; and for covering up the private parts.’

Reflecting rationally, they make use of almsfood:Reflecting rationally, they make use of almsfood:‘Not for fun, indulgence, adornment, or decoration, but only to sustain this body, to avoid harm, and to support spiritual practice. In this way, I shall put an end to old discomfort and not give rise to new discomfort, and I will have the means to keep going, blamelessness, and a comfortable abiding.’‘Not for fun, indulgence, adornment, or decoration, but only to sustain this body, to avoid harm, and to support spiritual practice. In this way, I shall put an end to old discomfort and not give rise to new discomfort, and I will have the means to keep going, blamelessness, and a comfortable abiding.’Reflecting rationally, they make use of lodgings:Reflecting rationally, they make use of lodgings:

‘Only for the sake of warding off cold and heat; for warding off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles; to shelter from harsh weather and to enjoy retreat.’‘Only for the sake of warding off cold and heat; for warding off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles; to shelter from harsh weather and to enjoy retreat.’Reflecting rationally, they make use of medicines and supplies for the sick:Reflecting rationally, they make use of medicines and supplies for the sick:‘Only for the sake of warding off the pains of illness and to promote good health.’‘Only for the sake of warding off the pains of illness and to promote good health.’

For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without using these things do not arise when they are used.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without using these things do not arise when they are used.These are called the defilements that should be given up by using.These are called the defilements that should be given up by using.

4. Defilements Given Up by Enduring4. Defilements Given Up by Enduring

And what are the defilements that should be given up by enduring?And what are the defilements that should be given up by enduring?Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, endures cold, heat, hunger, and thirst. They endure the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles. They endure rude and unwelcome criticism. And they put up with physical pain—sharp, severe, acute, unpleasant, disagreeable, and life-threatening.Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, endures cold, heat, hunger, and thirst. They endure the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and reptiles. They endure rude and unwelcome criticism. And they put up with physical pain—sharp, severe, acute, unpleasant, disagreeable, and life-threatening.

For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without enduring these things do not arise when they are endured.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without enduring these things do not arise when they are endured.These are called the defilements that should be given up by enduring.These are called the defilements that should be given up by enduring.

5. Defilements Given Up by Avoiding5. Defilements Given Up by Avoiding

And what are the defilements that should be given up by avoiding?And what are the defilements that should be given up by avoiding?Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, avoids a wild elephant, a wild horse, a wild ox, a wild dog, a snake, a stump, thorny ground, a pit, a cliff, a swamp, and a sewer.Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, avoids a wild elephant, a wild horse, a wild ox, a wild dog, a snake, a stump, thorny ground, a pit, a cliff, a swamp, and a sewer.Reflecting rationally, they avoid sitting on inappropriate seats, walking in inappropriate neighborhoods, and mixing with bad friends—whatever sensible spiritual companions would believe to be a bad setting.Reflecting rationally, they avoid sitting on inappropriate seats, walking in inappropriate neighborhoods, and mixing with bad friends—whatever sensible spiritual companions would believe to be a bad setting.

For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without avoiding these things do not arise when they are avoided.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without avoiding these things do not arise when they are avoided.These are called the defilements that should be given up by avoiding.These are called the defilements that should be given up by avoiding.

6. Defilements Given Up by Dispelling6. Defilements Given Up by Dispelling

And what are the defilements that should be given up by dispelling?And what are the defilements that should be given up by dispelling?Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, doesn’t tolerate a sensual, malicious, or cruel thought that has arisen, but gives it up, dispels it, eliminates it, and obliterates it. They don’t tolerate any bad, unskillful qualities that have arisen, but give them up, dispel them, eliminate them, and obliterate them.Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, doesn’t tolerate a sensual, malicious, or cruel thought that has arisen, but gives it up, dispels it, eliminates it, and obliterates it. They don’t tolerate any bad, unskillful qualities that have arisen, but give them up, dispel them, eliminate them, and obliterate them.

For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without dispelling these things do not arise when they are dispelled.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without dispelling these things do not arise when they are dispelled.These are called the defilements that should be given up by dispelling.These are called the defilements that should be given up by dispelling.

7. Defilements Given Up by Developing7. Defilements Given Up by Developing

And what are the defilements that should be given up by developing?And what are the defilements that should be given up by developing?Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, develops the awakening factors of mindfulness,Take a mendicant who, reflecting rationally, develops the awakening factors of mindfulness,investigation of principles,investigation of principles,

energy,energy,rapture,rapture,tranquility,tranquility,

immersion,immersion,and equanimity, which rely on seclusion, fading away, and cessation, and ripen as letting go.and equanimity, which rely on seclusion, fading away, and cessation, and ripen as letting go.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without developing these things do not arise when they are developed.For the distressing and feverish defilements that might arise in someone who lives without developing these things do not arise when they are developed.

These are called the defilements that should be given up by developing.These are called the defilements that should be given up by developing.Now, take a mendicant who, by seeing, has given up the defilements that should be given up by seeing. By restraint, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by restraint. By using, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by using. By enduring, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by enduring. By avoiding, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by avoiding. By dispelling, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by dispelling. By developing, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by developing.Now, take a mendicant who, by seeing, has given up the defilements that should be given up by seeing. By restraint, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by restraint. By using, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by using. By enduring, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by enduring. By avoiding, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by avoiding. By dispelling, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by dispelling. By developing, they’ve given up the defilements that should be given up by developing.